In response to an increasing demand for improving the immune system with feed additives, we at KitoZyme have successfully designed KiOnutrime® Boost - a compelling plant-sourced and high purity beta(1,3)-glucan.
With its many different benefits, KiOnutrime® Boost is the right ingredient to boost your business:
High purity ingredient (≥65%)
Safe plant-based beta-glucan derived from mushrooms
Safe and non-allergenic: 100% animal-free, GMO-free, allergen-free
Scientifically-proven ingredient designed to enhance key immune cells
Obtained through a sustainable, biotechnology patented process
Specifications
Beta-Glucans are the most popular immunostimulants used in aquaculture and these are derived from yeast cell walls and from certain higher plants. They boost excellent immunostimulatory properties and work well when injected or fed to fish.
KiOnutrime® Boost is a high-added-value botanical dietary fiber that features superior glucan content (≥65%) as compared to the other beta-glucans. Furthermore, it has a unique chemical structure: β-1,3 glucan.
KiOnutrime® Boost is a fine beige and insoluble powder.
How does KiOnutrime® Boost work?
Pathogen neutralization and destruction by neutrophils
Beta-glucans are well-known to activate neutrophils, which are the most abundant class of cells in the immune system. The main function of neutrophils is to internalize pathogens and this is called phagocytosis (step 1 of the pathogen destruction). Beta-glucans also initiate the two following major steps to neutralize pathogens: the oxidative burst (step 2) releases oxidative compounds to kill bacteria, while from there the final step, which is called degranulation (step 3), consists of liberating destructive enzymes to achieve the immune defense process.
Figure 1. Mechanism of action
Proven efficacy
KiOnutrime® Boost is a scientifically-proven ingredient that has been designed to enhance key immune cells (in the fathead minnow model at Iowa State University).
As biological response modifiers, they enhance the innate immune responses in the following way:
Boost the innate immune response of neutrophils
Counteract the effects of stress in fish
Maintain good health when undergoing stressful situation
Contribute to building up an enhanced protection against environmental pathogens
Low daily dose: 250 mg or 500 mg
KiOnutrime® Boost decreases health challenges and improves the immune response by supporting the oxidative burst and the degranulation.
In vitro test using a fish model
In vitro test – Oxidative burst (µg/ml)
Figure 1. Recognized method based on the reaction of a florescent probe that reacts with oxygen radicals to generate a fluorescent signal; PMA is a positive control
KiOnutrime® Boost significantly stimulates oxidative burst at 200µg/ml. The test also showed also a clear dose response effect. At high concentration, KiOnutrime® Boost is much more effective than the positive control.
In vitro test – Degranulation (µg/ml)
Figure 2. Measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by ELISA. MPO is one of the enzymes released by the neutrophils granules; Calcium ionophore is a positive control
KiOnutrime® Boost significantly stimulates degranulation at 400µg/ml.
In vivo test using a fish model
In vivo test – Degranulation (µg/ml)
Figure 3. This model is transposable to human because direct recognition of pathogens during innate immune response occurs via PPRR. These receptors are proven to be targeted by beta-glucans.
The positive effect of KiOnutrime® Boost was confirmed in the in vivo tests regarding the oxidative burst and the degranulation. It demonstrated a significant effect compared to the placebo.
Stress can compromise the immune-system response: In vivo test using a fish model- Degranulation after a stress
Figure 4. Degranulation after a stress
As soons as it occurs, the stress clearly reduces the degranulation. The positive effect of KiOnutrime® Boost on the degranulation process was clearly significant thoughout the entire study.
